Single Series stub matching

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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Water" for CFM & MPH students

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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea...
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World Sepsis Day 2020: Let's talk to Prevent Sepsis & Save lives

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What is sepsis? Sepsis is extreme response of the body to an infection which occurs when an infection (you already have —in your skin, lungs, urinary tract, or somewhere else) triggers a chain reaction throughout the body.  Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction  & a medical emergency. If not recognized early and managed promptly, it can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death.  What is the need of awareness? Sepsis is a syndromic response to infection and is mostly a final common pathway to death from many infectious diseases worldwide particularly in low- and middle-income countries where it represents a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Sepsis patients with resistant pathogens have been found to have a higher risk of hospital mortality.  When is it celebrated? World Sepsis Day is held on September 13th every year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against sepsis. It is  used...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and...
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Diabetes : Feet care is essential to prevent pressure sores

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Why are we so concerned about the feet?  In diabetics feet complications are common and need special attention.  Once foot problem establishes itself, its very difficult to recover. Circulation can also decrease in the feet which makes healing poor. Nerves can also be affected hence becomes less sensitive to pain, touch and temperature. As we know diabetics are prone to infection and ulcers can develop without being aware. Special care & watch of the feet is very much needed regularly for any cuts, injury or ulceration.  What problems can occur if we don't care? Development of pressure sores on the soles of feet from things such as corns, calluses and stones in the shoes. Minor cuts and splinters can become a major problem due to poor healing.  Toenail problems eg. paronychia (infection around the nail) and ingrowing nails can become worse. It is best to prevent these problems in diabetics by regular self checking of feet. What should we do? Keep blood gluco...
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