Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Culex" for CFM & MPH students

-

Culex Mosquito:

Also known as "nuisance mosquitoes". Culex fatigans is a vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India. It breeds profusely in dirty water collections e.g. stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks, burrow pits, & in fact all types of water collections.

1. Eggs:


Important points:

  • Lays eggs in small clusters or rafts. 
  • Each raft contains 100-250 eggs.
  • Eggs are oval-shaped.
  • The eggs do not possess lateral floats.

2. Larva:

Important points:

  • Suspended in water with their heads downwards. 
  • Possess a siphon tube, situated on the 8th abdominal segment. 
  • Bottomfeeder.
  • No palmate hairs.
  • This stage lasts for 5-7 days.

3. Pupa:



Important points:

  • Comma shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax & a narrow abdomen.
  • The Siphon tube is long & narrow. 
  • It represents the resting stage. 

4. Adult: 



Important points:

  • A strong winged mosquito & can fly up to 11 km in rural areas. 
  • Highly anthrophillic. 
  • When at rest, the body exhibits a hunch back & the body stands almost parallel to the surface.
  • Wings unspotted.
  • Palpi short in females.
  • Enters the house at dusk & reaches maximum density by midnight which is peak bitting time. 
  • Legs are preferred for bitting. 
  • During the day, it may be seen resting indoors on walls, underneath furniture, inside empty pots, & in dark corners.

Public Health Importance:

Culex mosquito transmits
  • Bancroftian filariasis
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • West Nile fever
  • Viral Arthritis (Epidemic / Polyarthritis)

Reference:

  1. Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th. Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot.
  2. Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
  3. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycles/culex.html photo credit
  4. https://www.majordifferences.com/2013/10/difference-between-anopheles-and-vs.html#.X92QXXczbIU photo credit
  5. https://onlinesciencenotes.com/differences-anopheles-culex/ photo credit
  6. https://pixnio.com/fauna-animals/insects-and-bugs/mosquito/enlarged-view-of-a-culex-quinquefasciatus-mosquito-pupa photo credit
  7. http://medent.usyd.edu.au/arbovirus/mosquit/photos/mosquitophotos_culex.htm photo credit
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culex photo credit

Comments

  1. Conquer Pest ManagementOctober 30, 2021 at 3:21 AM

    You have provided a richly informative article. It is a beneficial article for me.Thanks for sharing this information here. bed bug treatment singapore

    ReplyDelete
  2. The Local Guys – Pest ControlNovember 10, 2021 at 8:21 PM

    Remarkable post, The information you have mentioned is really knowledgeable and engaging for us, I really enjoyed reading it. Thankful to you for sharing an article like this.bee pest control perth

    ReplyDelete
  3. Mega Pest ControlMarch 3, 2022 at 1:59 AM

    This blog is really helpful to deliver updated affairs over internet which is really appraisable. Mouse Control Abbotsford

    ReplyDelete
  4. Alia parkerMarch 28, 2022 at 5:11 AM

    Cayenne pepper is a magnificent regular fly anti-agents and furthermore prevents numerous different bugs. Blend one cup of water and one teaspoon of cayenne pepper in a moistening jug and shower it close to doorways and any place you see flies. Other regular fly anti-agents incorporate lemongrass, peppermint, eucalyptus, camphor, and cinnamon. fly pest control

    ReplyDelete
  5. Greenway Environmental Waste Management Pte LtdMay 27, 2022 at 12:54 PM

    I think this is one of the most significant pieces of information about Garbage Disposal Singapore for me. And I'm glad to read your post. Thank you for sharing!

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

-
Image
Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the patch using follwing formula. (Typically between 200  Ω  to 250  Ω. You can assume 225  Ω for simplic
Read more

ORS : A boon in dehydration

-
Image
What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea normally lasts for several days, and leaves the
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Insecticides" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
Insecticides:   These are substances that are used to kill insects.  Pesticides:   It is a general term that includes  insecticides, fungicides rodenticides, herbicides,  disinfectants, repellents, and other chemicals used for the  control of pests. Insecticides are classified into 3 groups: Contact  poisons, Stomach poisons and Fumigants.  CONTACT  POISONS: These are those insecticides that kill insects primarily by contact  e.g., pyrethrum, DDT, HCH, dieldrin.  STOMACH POISONS: These  are those insecticides which when ingested cause the death of the  insects, e.g., Paris green, sodium fluoride.  FUMIGANTS: These are  those insecticides that give off vapours that have a lethal effect on  the insects, e.g., sulphur dioxide. 1. DDT  (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) :  It was first  synthesized in 1874, by a German chemist, Ziedler . I ts insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swiss  scientist, Paul Muller in  1939 .  Important points: PROPERTIES: It is a white  amorphous
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering the water u
Read more

Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass  vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The containe
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and
Read more

National Nutrition Week: Healthy diet for Adolescents

-
Image
  Who are Adolescents? As per WHO Adolescents are persons in age group 10-19 years & constitute about 1/4th of India's population. What is the need? Adolescents undergo rapid changes in body size, physiology, psychology & social functioning as it is a transition from childhood to adulthood. It is a phase of rapid growth & development hence nutritional needs vary for them & needs to be taken care. When National Nutrition Week is celebrated? 1st to 7th September every year in India to focus on various aspect of Nutrition among all age groups. What should be included in diet? Grains: 4 - 8 bowls Vegetables: at least 3 servings Fruits: at least 2 servings Meat, fish, egg and alternatives: 200 - 300 gm Milk and alternatives: 2 servings Fat/oil, salt and sugar : eat the least Fluid: 6 - 8 glasses Healthy points for adolescent girls: The menstruation related needs of the girls make the nutrient requirement/ unit body weight more than boys for them Build strong bones:
Read more