Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

-

 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016” 

1. Yellow Bin/ Bag:



Type of Bag/ Container used: 

Non-chlorinated plastic bags

Type of Waste: 

1. Human Anatomical Waste

A. Tissues, organs, body parts

B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta

2. Animal Anatomical Waste: Tissues, Organs, body parts

3. Soiled Waste: items contaminated with blood and body fluids

A. Dressings, sponges, gauze

B. Plaster casts

C. Cotton swabs

D. Blood bags

E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap

4.  Expired or Discarded Medicines: including antibiotics (except cytotoxic)

5. Chemical Waste:

A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents

B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions

C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories

6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical lab waste

7. Chemical Liquid Waste

Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label:



1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The container is not the determining factor in the case of the segregation of cytotoxic wastes.

2. All items used during preparation and administration of cytotoxic drugs (eg: glass and plastic bottles, ampoules, vials, iv sets, gloves, syringes without needle, dressing, cotton swabs, etc.)

Treatment/Disposal options:

Incineration or Plasma pyrolysis or deep burial*


2. Red Bin/ Bag:



Type of Bag/ Container used: 

non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers

Type of Waste: 

Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) or All infected plastic recyclable waste:

A. Waste generated from tubings,
B. Plastic i/v bottles, (normal saline,
DNS, Ringer lactate, etc)
C. IV tubes /BT sets, central line, PICC line
D. Gloves
E. Urine bags, Catheters
F. Drains
G. Syringes without needles
H. Vaccutainers without needles
I. Et/tt tubes, Ng tubes
J. Transparent dressing sheet (eg: Tegaderm)
K. Ventilator/ nebulizer tubing’s
L. Ostomy bags
M. Tracheal tubes
N. Suction/ oxygen tubing’s
O. Diagnostic kits
P. All plastic and rubber infected waste
generated from laboratories*

Treatment/Disposal options:

Autoclaving/microwaving /hydroclaving and then sent for recycling not be sent to landfill

3. Blue Bin/ Cardboard Box:

Type of Bag/ Container used: 

Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking / blue colored non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers

Type of Waste: 

Glassware:
1. Broken, discarded, and contaminated glassware including slides, vials, and ampoules (except cytotoxic waste)
2. Metallic body implants
3. Disposable laparoscopic instruments
4. All glassware generated from, laboratories *
*All laboratory waste is first treated on-site by microwaving before final disposal

Treatment/Disposal options:

Disinfection or autoclaving, microwaving, hydroclaving
and then sent for recycling

4. White Bin/ Translucent Box:

Type of Bag/ Container used: 

(Translucent) Puncture, Leak & tamper-proof containers

Type of Waste: 

Waste Metal sharps:
A. Needles without a cap
B. Pre-filled glass syringe with fixed needles
C. Scalpel, blades
D. Biopsy needles
E. Guide wires
F. Suture needles
G. Cannula and biopsy needle stilette
H. All sharps generated from laboratories*

Treatment/Disposal options:

Auto or Dry Heat Sterilization followed by shredding or
mutilation or encapsulation

5. Black Bin/ Bag:



Type of Bag/ Container used: 

Non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers.

Type of Waste: 

1. General waste including food, paper waste, etc

2. Uninfected plastic wastes such a mineral water bottles

3. Uninfected disposable towel

4. Uninfected gowns, shoe covers, cap, masks

5. Covers of sterile items such as syringes etc

6. Sterillium used bottle

7. Bacillol or any other uninfected used bottle.

Treatment/Disposal options:

Incineration or Plasma pyrolysis or deep burial or recycling depending on the material.

Bio-Medical Waste rules 2016 doesn’t apply to 
  • Radioactive wastes
  • Hazardous chemicals
  • Lead-acid batteries
  • Hazardous wastes
  • E-Waste
  • Municipal Solid Wastes
  • Hazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered microorganisms, and cells

6. Hub cutter:

Important points:

  • A hub cutter/ manual syringe and needle destroyer is used to destroy the disposable or auto-disable syringes after use.
  • It destroys the syringe hub & needle in a single action.
  • Stops reuse of needles & syringes and save healthcare professionals from needlestick injuries.
  • Used to improve injection safety or to minimize needlestick injuries to prevent transmission of blood-borne infections such as Hepatitis B and HIV. 
  • Parts: One or two insertion holes for the syringe, One or two handles (attached to the blades which cut the syringe hub), One plastic container (into which the cutoff parts of the syringes and the needles are retained).
  • How to use: The needle and the hub of the syringe are inserted into the hole of the hub cutter. The syringe is held with one hand and the other hand is used to clamp the handles until the hub is completely cut and the needle falls into the container.
  • Disinfected: By autoclaving, boiling in water for at least 10 minutes or, chemical treatment for 30 minutes (using at least 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite or freshly prepared bleach solution).
  • The hub cutters should be washed with at least 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite or freshly prepared bleach solution before reuse.
  • Disposal: The needles buried in a safety pit & syringes sent for recycling.
    The needles and broken vials buried in a safety pit
References:
  1. Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th. Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot.
  2. Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
  3. https://www.aiims.edu/en/departments-and-centers/central-facilities/265-biomedical/7346-bio-medical-waste-management.html
  4. https://www.exportersindia.com/hospitokart-continental-pvt-ltd/needle-cum-hub-cutter-3798977.htm photo credit
  5. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/laboware-needle-syringe-hub-cutter-16574798233.html photo credit
  6. https://nhm.gov.in/New_Updates_2018/NHM_Components/Immunization/Guildelines_for_immunization/Immunization_Handbook_for_Medical_Officers%202017.pdf

Comments

  1. Smith KaylorJune 16, 2021 at 10:36 AM

    Continuously keep your urine bag beneath your bladder, which is at the level of your midsection. This will keep urine from streaming once more into your bladder from the tubing and urine bag, which could cause a disease. Additionally, don't head to sleep or take a long rest while wearing the leg bag.
    If you want to know more, Please check out here - urine bag

    ReplyDelete
  2. Mary JamesOctober 15, 2021 at 9:30 PM

    You've provided quite good information here about Recycle Awareness Social Platform. This is fantastic since it expands our knowledge and is also beneficial to us. Thank you for sharing this piece of writing.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Mega Pest ControlJanuary 17, 2022 at 5:20 AM

    Impressive and powerful suggestion by the author of this blog are really helpful to me. Pest Control Mississauga

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

-
Image
Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the patch using follwing formula. (Typically between 200  Ω  to 250  Ω. You can assume 225  Ω for simplic
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and
Read more

ORS : A boon in dehydration

-
Image
What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea normally lasts for several days, and leaves the
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering the water u
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Insecticides" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
Insecticides:   These are substances that are used to kill insects.  Pesticides:   It is a general term that includes  insecticides, fungicides rodenticides, herbicides,  disinfectants, repellents, and other chemicals used for the  control of pests. Insecticides are classified into 3 groups: Contact  poisons, Stomach poisons and Fumigants.  CONTACT  POISONS: These are those insecticides that kill insects primarily by contact  e.g., pyrethrum, DDT, HCH, dieldrin.  STOMACH POISONS: These  are those insecticides which when ingested cause the death of the  insects, e.g., Paris green, sodium fluoride.  FUMIGANTS: These are  those insecticides that give off vapours that have a lethal effect on  the insects, e.g., sulphur dioxide. 1. DDT  (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) :  It was first  synthesized in 1874, by a German chemist, Ziedler . I ts insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swiss  scientist, Paul Muller in  1939 .  Important points: PROPERTIES: It is a white  amorphous
Read more

Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Culex" for CFM & MPH students

-
Image
Culex Mosquito: Also known as "nuisance mosquitoes". Culex fatigans is a vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India. It breeds profusely in dirty water collections e.g. stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks, burrow pits, & in fact all types of water collections. 1. Eggs: Important points: Lays eggs in small clusters or rafts.  Each raft contains 100-250 eggs. Eggs are oval-shaped. The eggs do not possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: Suspended in water with their heads downwards.  Possess a siphon tube, situated on the 8th abdominal segment.  Bottomfeeder. No palmate hairs. This stage lasts for 5-7 days. 3. Pupa: Important points: Comma shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax & a narrow abdomen. The Siphon tube is long & narrow.  It represents the resting stage.  4. Adult:  Important points: A strong winged mosquito & can fly up to 11 km in rural areas.  Highly anthrophillic.  When at rest, the body exhibits a hunch back &
Read more

How to design a reconfigurable antenna? Step-by-step process.

-
Determine the frequency range and bandwidth requirements for the antenna. Choose an appropriate antenna structure, such as a patch antenna, microstrip antenna, or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). Choose the reconfigurable component, such as PIN diodes, switches, or varactor diodes. Design the impedance matching network, which is essential for optimal performance of the antenna. Simulate the antenna using electromagnetic simulation software, such as CST Microwave Studio, Ansys HFSS, or Keysight ADS, to verify its performance. Fabricate the antenna and integrate the reconfigurable component. Test the antenna in an anechoic chamber to verify its performance and ensure that it meets the requirements. Repeat steps 5-7 as necessary to optimize the antenna's performance. Note: These are general steps for designing a reconfigurable antenna and may vary depending on the specific requirements and constraints of the application.
Read more