Link to the stepper motor demo video

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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering th...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and...
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea...
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Natural Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Safe Period/ Rhythm method/ Calendar method: Important points: Fertile period: Shortest cycle minus 18 days (Last day of fertile period: Longest cycle minus 10 days) Drawbacks:   Difficult to predict safe period in irregular cycles Only suitable for educated couple with high motivation Programmed sex: Abstinence required for 1/2 month Not useful in postnatal period High failure rate: 9 per HWY Medical complications: Ectopic pregnancies & embryonic abnormalities References: Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th.  Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot . Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/natural-methods-of-contraception/1885/  photo credit
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Water" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Sanitary well: Important points: Location: Not less than 15 m (50 feet) from likely sources of contamination & at a higher elevation. Not more than 100 m from houses Lining: Should be made up of bricks/ stones & cement up to a depth of at least 6 m (20 feet) and 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) above the ground Parapet wall: up to a height of 70-75 cm (28 inches) above the ground Platform: Extending at least 1m (3 feet) in all directions with a gentle slope towards the drain. Drain: pucca drain around the well to carry off spilled water to a public drain or soakage pit. Covering: Top closed by a cement cover. Hand pump: If possible it should be equipped with a hand pump in a Sanitary manner. 2. Slow sand filter: Important points: Space: Occupies a large area Rate of filtration: 2-3 m.g.a.d The effective size of sand: 0.2-0.3 mm Preliminary treatment:  Plane sedimentation. Washing: By scraping the sand bed Operation:  Less skilled Loss of head allowed:  4 fe...
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ओआरएस: निर्जलीकरण में एक वरदान

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ओआरएस क्या है ? ओरल रि - हाइड्रेशन लवण : यह डब्ल्यूएचओ / यूनिसेफ द्वारा दिया गया एक ग्लूकोज - इलेक्ट्रोलाइट फॉर्मूला है , जिसका उपयोग सभी आयु वर्गो में दस्त के सुधार के लिए और निर्जलीकरण को ठीक करने के लिये किया जाता है। यह   पाउडर   के  पाउच / तैयार घोल में   रूप में उपलब्ध है या इसे आसानी से घर पर भी बनाया जा सकता है। यह किस प्रकार काम करता है ? इलेक्ट्रोलाइट्स और चीनी का एक साथ संयोजन आंतो से पानी और इलेक्ट्रोलाइट के अवशोषण को उत्तेजित करता है और इसलिए दस्त और उल्टी जैसी स्थितियों में पानी और इलेक्ट्रोलाइट के कमी को सही करने में सक्षम होता है। ओआरएस दिवस मनाने के कारण ? ओआरएस   दिवस हर साल 29 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है : निर्जलीकरण सुधारने की कम लागत वाली विधि के रूप में ओरल रिहाइड्रेशन साल्ट्स ( ओआरएस ) के महत्व के बारे में जागरूकता फैलाने के लिये। कई विकासशील देशों में डायरिया शिशुओं और छोटे बच्चों में , मृत्यु के प्रमुख कारणों में ...
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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Spotters in "Nutrition and Health: Food Toxicants" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Argemone mexicana (Prickly poppy): Important points: Argemone mexicana closely resemble mustard seeds It grows wild in india & has prickly leaves and bright yellow flowers Contamination of mustard or other oils with argemone oil may be accidental or deliberate Argemone oil contains one toxic alkaloid sanguinarine which interferes with the oxidation of pyruvic acid which further accumulates in the blood leading to ' Epidemic dropsy' Symptoms of epidemic dropsy are sudden non-inflammatory bilateral swelling of legs often associated with diarrhoea. Dyspnea, cardiac failure and death may follow. Some patients may develop glaucoma. The disease may affect all age groups except breast-fed infants Mortality varies from 5-50% Argemone oil is orange in colour with acrid odour Tests for detection are Nitric acid test & Paper chromatography test 2. Lathyrus sativus (Khesari dhal): Important points: Khesari dhal looks similar to red gram dhal or bengal gram dhal The seeds of ...
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Bengaluru to Mysore trip planning

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  Planning a trip from Bengaluru to Mysore can be quite exciting! Here's a suggested itinerary: Day 1: Bengaluru to Mysore Morning: Departure from Bengaluru Start early in the morning to avoid traffic and make the most of your day in Mysore. Breakfast Stop: Consider stopping at a local eatery on the Bangalore-Mysore highway for some traditional South Indian breakfast like idli, vada, and dosa. Attractions in Mysore: Mysore Palace: Spend your morning exploring the magnificent Mysore Palace, also known as the Amba Vilas Palace, which is the official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and one of the most famous tourist attractions in India. Enjoy the architectural brilliance and learn about the history of the palace. Chamundi Hill: After visiting the palace, head to Chamundi Hill to visit the Chamundeshwari Temple. You can either climb the 1000 steps to the temple or drive up the hill to enjoy panoramic views of Mysore city. Lunch: Try some authentic local cuisine at one of the restaura...
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