TNEB calculator 2022

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2022 TNEB Calculator w.e.f 10-09-2022

2022 TNEB Calculator w.e.f 10-09-2022




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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering th...
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea...
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Diabetes : Lets learn how to inject insulin

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  What is the need? The proper injection of insulin is very important to allow the body to function normally hence we should be very strict about the way we manage the insulin injections.  Common mistakes done: Poor mixing technique when mixing insulin. Wrong doses (because of poor eyesight). Poor injection technique—into the skin or muscle rather than the soft, fatty layer.  Not taking insulin when you feel ill. When to inject insulin? Develop a set routine, including eating your meals on time and giving the injections about 30 minutes before your meal Where to inject insulin? The injection should go into the fatty (subcutaneous) tissue between the skin and muscle.  Abdomen below the navel is the best place.  Other suitable areas are the buttocks and thighs.  These areas having a good layer of fat under the skin and are free of large blood vessels and nerves.  It is advisable to stick to one area, and the abdomen is recommended.  Avoid ...
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Spotters in "Nutrition and Health: Food Toxicants" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Argemone mexicana (Prickly poppy): Important points: Argemone mexicana closely resemble mustard seeds It grows wild in india & has prickly leaves and bright yellow flowers Contamination of mustard or other oils with argemone oil may be accidental or deliberate Argemone oil contains one toxic alkaloid sanguinarine which interferes with the oxidation of pyruvic acid which further accumulates in the blood leading to ' Epidemic dropsy' Symptoms of epidemic dropsy are sudden non-inflammatory bilateral swelling of legs often associated with diarrhoea. Dyspnea, cardiac failure and death may follow. Some patients may develop glaucoma. The disease may affect all age groups except breast-fed infants Mortality varies from 5-50% Argemone oil is orange in colour with acrid odour Tests for detection are Nitric acid test & Paper chromatography test 2. Lathyrus sativus (Khesari dhal): Important points: Khesari dhal looks similar to red gram dhal or bengal gram dhal The seeds of ...
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National Nutrition Week: Healthy Diet for Preschool children

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  Who are Preschool children? Children of age group 1-4 years are called preschool children. They represent about 9.7% of general population in India. What is the need? Healthy dietary practices start early in life – breastfeeding fosters healthy growth and improves cognitive development, and may have longer term health benefits such as reducing the risk of becoming overweight or obese and developing NCDs later in life.  Young children need help to develop healthy eating and physical activity habits for life. When National Nutrition Week is celebrated? 1st to 7th September every year in India to focus on various aspect of Nutrition among all age groups. What should be included in diet & how to feed? Offer a variety of healthy foods: Choose foods from each food group. Pay attention to dairy foods, whole grains, and vegetables to build healthy habits that will last a lifetime.  Be mindful of sweet drinks and other foods: Offer water instead of sugary drinks like regul...
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How to design a reconfigurable antenna? Step-by-step process.

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Determine the frequency range and bandwidth requirements for the antenna. Choose an appropriate antenna structure, such as a patch antenna, microstrip antenna, or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). Choose the reconfigurable component, such as PIN diodes, switches, or varactor diodes. Design the impedance matching network, which is essential for optimal performance of the antenna. Simulate the antenna using electromagnetic simulation software, such as CST Microwave Studio, Ansys HFSS, or Keysight ADS, to verify its performance. Fabricate the antenna and integrate the reconfigurable component. Test the antenna in an anechoic chamber to verify its performance and ensure that it meets the requirements. Repeat steps 5-7 as necessary to optimize the antenna's performance. Note: These are general steps for designing a reconfigurable antenna and may vary depending on the specific requirements and constraints of the application.
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Insecticides" for CFM & MPH students

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Insecticides:   These are substances that are used to kill insects.  Pesticides:   It is a general term that includes  insecticides, fungicides rodenticides, herbicides,  disinfectants, repellents, and other chemicals used for the  control of pests. Insecticides are classified into 3 groups: Contact  poisons, Stomach poisons and Fumigants.  CONTACT  POISONS: These are those insecticides that kill insects primarily by contact  e.g., pyrethrum, DDT, HCH, dieldrin.  STOMACH POISONS: These  are those insecticides which when ingested cause the death of the  insects, e.g., Paris green, sodium fluoride.  FUMIGANTS: These are  those insecticides that give off vapours that have a lethal effect on  the insects, e.g., sulphur dioxide. 1. DDT  (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) :  It was first  synthesized in 1874, by a German chemist, Ziedler . I ts insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swis...
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