Introduction

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Hi,

I am Prof. Niraj, welcome to my new blog. Since many of you were requesting to upload notes of my  YouTube Channel RF Design Basics, so I have started this blog to provide you detailed notes. You can also discuss any doubt arising from my videos.

Thank You

Prof. Niraj Kumar

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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Fly control measurers " for CFM & MPH students

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1. Environmental control: Important points: The best way to control houseflies is to eliminate their breeding places & environmental sanitation. A clean house with clean surroundings is the best answer to the fly problem. Storing garbage, kitchen wastes, and other refuse in bins with tight lids, pending disposal. Efficient collection, removal & disposal of refuse by incineration, composting & sanitary landfill. Provision of Sanitary latrines, e.g, pit privies, septic tanks, water-seal latrines & sanitary system. Stopping open-air defecation. Sanitary disposal of animal excreta. Stepping up general sanitation.  2. Insecticidal control: Important points: Insecticides are only a supplement, but not a substitute for sanitation. (i) Residual sprays: It showed resistance to DDT in 1948 & also developed resistance to other organochlorines, organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticides. Susceptible flies may be killed by DDT (5%), methoxychlor (5%), lindane (0.5%), or chlo...
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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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World Sepsis Day 2020: Let's talk to Prevent Sepsis & Save lives

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What is sepsis? Sepsis is extreme response of the body to an infection which occurs when an infection (you already have —in your skin, lungs, urinary tract, or somewhere else) triggers a chain reaction throughout the body.  Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction  & a medical emergency. If not recognized early and managed promptly, it can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death.  What is the need of awareness? Sepsis is a syndromic response to infection and is mostly a final common pathway to death from many infectious diseases worldwide particularly in low- and middle-income countries where it represents a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Sepsis patients with resistant pathogens have been found to have a higher risk of hospital mortality.  When is it celebrated? World Sepsis Day is held on September 13th every year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against sepsis. It is  used...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and...
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Usage of ChatGPT in healthcare

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ChatGPT, a large language model developed by OpenAI, has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry. With its ability to understand and generate human-like responses, it can provide useful and relevant information to patients and healthcare providers. Here are a few ways in which ChatGPT can be useful in healthcare: 1. Virtual Healthcare Assistance: ChatGPT can be used to provide virtual healthcare assistance to patients. It can assist patients in finding relevant information about their medical condition, provide answers to their questions, and even assist in scheduling appointments with healthcare providers. 2. Symptom Checker: ChatGPT can be used as a symptom checker to help patients diagnose their symptoms. By asking the patient questions about their symptoms and medical history, ChatGPT can generate a list of possible conditions that the patient might have, and suggest further steps to take. 3. Medical Information: ChatGPT can provide patients with access to up-to-d...
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National Nutrition Week: Healthy diet for Pregnant ladies

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  What is the need? During pregnancy extra food is required to meet the nutritional requirement of the baby in the womb. Extra foods are required to improve the weight gain in pregnancy (generally 10-12 kgs) and birth weight of infants (about 2.5kgs-3kgs). The nutritional requirement of a pregnant lady keeps changing depending upon the various trimesters of pregnancy. Micronutrients (like folic acid/ iron tablets) are specially required in extra amounts to reduce the risk of malformations in baby and increase birth weight of baby and to prevent anaemia in expecting mothers. When National Nutrition Week is celebrated? 1st to 7th September every year in India to focus on various aspect of Nutrition among all age groups. What should be included in diet? Make healthy food choices for healthy you & baby: Make half your plate fruits & vegetables:  Choose fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and 100% juice. Include dark-green, red, and orange vegetables; beans and peas; and starchy ...
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National Nutrition Week: Healthy diet for Adolescents

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  Who are Adolescents? As per WHO Adolescents are persons in age group 10-19 years & constitute about 1/4th of India's population. What is the need? Adolescents undergo rapid changes in body size, physiology, psychology & social functioning as it is a transition from childhood to adulthood. It is a phase of rapid growth & development hence nutritional needs vary for them & needs to be taken care. When National Nutrition Week is celebrated? 1st to 7th September every year in India to focus on various aspect of Nutrition among all age groups. What should be included in diet? Grains: 4 - 8 bowls Vegetables: at least 3 servings Fruits: at least 2 servings Meat, fish, egg and alternatives: 200 - 300 gm Milk and alternatives: 2 servings Fat/oil, salt and sugar : eat the least Fluid: 6 - 8 glasses Healthy points for adolescent girls: The menstruation related needs of the girls make the nutrient requirement/ unit body weight more than boys for them Build strong bones: ...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering th...
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