Introduction

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Hi,

I am Prof. Niraj, welcome to my new blog. Since many of you were requesting to upload notes of my  YouTube Channel RF Design Basics, so I have started this blog to provide you detailed notes. You can also discuss any doubt arising from my videos.

Thank You

Prof. Niraj Kumar

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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the patch using follwing formula. (Typically between 200  Ω  to 250  Ω. You can assume 225  Ω for simplic
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass  vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The containe
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Water" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Sanitary well: Important points: Location: Not less than 15 m (50 feet) from likely sources of contamination & at a higher elevation. Not more than 100 m from houses Lining: Should be made up of bricks/ stones & cement up to a depth of at least 6 m (20 feet) and 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) above the ground Parapet wall: up to a height of 70-75 cm (28 inches) above the ground Platform: Extending at least 1m (3 feet) in all directions with a gentle slope towards the drain. Drain: pucca drain around the well to carry off spilled water to a public drain or soakage pit. Covering: Top closed by a cement cover. Hand pump: If possible it should be equipped with a hand pump in a Sanitary manner. 2. Slow sand filter: Important points: Space: Occupies a large area Rate of filtration: 2-3 m.g.a.d The effective size of sand: 0.2-0.3 mm Preliminary treatment:  Plane sedimentation. Washing: By scraping the sand bed Operation:  Less skilled Loss of head allowed:  4 feet (1.5 m) Removal
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Sanitation" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Sanitation Barrier: Important points: Disease agents transmitted to a new host through various channels: 1. water/ fluids , 2. fingers , 3. flies , 4. soil , and 5. food   The disease cycle may be broken at various levels: 1. protection of water , 2. personal hygiene , 3. control of flies , 4. segregation of faeces , and 5. protection of foods The most effective step would be to segregate the faeces & arrange for proper disposal so that the disease agent cannot reach the new host, directly or indirectly. The segregation of the excreta by imposing a barrier called the " sanitation barrier " which can be provided by a 'sanitary latrine' and disposal pit. 2. Borehole latrine: Important points:   It was first introduced by the Rockefeller foundation during 1930s in campaigns of hookworm control. It consists of a circular hole of 30-40 cm (12-16 in.) in diameter. Dug vertically into the ground to a depth of 4 to 8 m (13-26 ft.), most commonly 6 m (20 ft.). Auger
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea normally lasts for several days, and leaves the
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Intra-uterine Devices (IUD) Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  First generation IUDs: Comprise the inert or non-medicated devices, usually made of polyethylene or other polymers. Appeared in different shapes and sizes. 1. Grafenberg rings: Important points: A flexible ring of silk Later versions were wrapped in silver wire Introduced by German gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg in 1929 Creates a hostile environment for sperm due to inflammatory response Obsolete     2. Ota ring: Important points: It is a variation of Grafenberg ring Developed by Japanese physician Tenrej Ota It contained a supportive structure in the center to lower the expulsion rate Obsolete 3.  Birnberg’s bow: Important points: Figure of 8 shaped Made of polyethylene Obsolete 4. Lippes Loop: Important points: A double-S shaped device made of polyethylene Polyethylene is a non-toxic, non-tissue reactive & extremely durable Contains a small amount of barium sulfate to allow X-ray observation It has attached threads /tail (nylon) which project into vagina after insertion & ma
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Natural Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Safe Period/ Rhythm method/ Calendar method: Important points: Fertile period: Shortest cycle minus 18 days (Last day of fertile period: Longest cycle minus 10 days) Drawbacks:   Difficult to predict safe period in irregular cycles Only suitable for educated couple with high motivation Programmed sex: Abstinence required for 1/2 month Not useful in postnatal period High failure rate: 9 per HWY Medical complications: Ectopic pregnancies & embryonic abnormalities References: Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th.  Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot . Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/natural-methods-of-contraception/1885/  photo credit
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