Introduction

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Hi,

I am Prof. Niraj, welcome to my new blog. Since many of you were requesting to upload notes of my  YouTube Channel RF Design Basics, so I have started this blog to provide you detailed notes. You can also discuss any doubt arising from my videos.

Thank You

Prof. Niraj Kumar

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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and...
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering th...
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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Culex" for CFM & MPH students

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Culex Mosquito: Also known as "nuisance mosquitoes". Culex fatigans is a vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India. It breeds profusely in dirty water collections e.g. stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks, burrow pits, & in fact all types of water collections. 1. Eggs: Important points: Lays eggs in small clusters or rafts.  Each raft contains 100-250 eggs. Eggs are oval-shaped. The eggs do not possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: Suspended in water with their heads downwards.  Possess a siphon tube, situated on the 8th abdominal segment.  Bottomfeeder. No palmate hairs. This stage lasts for 5-7 days. 3. Pupa: Important points: Comma shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax & a narrow abdomen. The Siphon tube is long & narrow.  It represents the resting stage.  4. Adult:  Important points: A strong winged mosquito & can fly up to 11 km in rural areas.  Highly anthrophillic.  When at rest, the body...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Insecticides" for CFM & MPH students

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Insecticides:   These are substances that are used to kill insects.  Pesticides:   It is a general term that includes  insecticides, fungicides rodenticides, herbicides,  disinfectants, repellents, and other chemicals used for the  control of pests. Insecticides are classified into 3 groups: Contact  poisons, Stomach poisons and Fumigants.  CONTACT  POISONS: These are those insecticides that kill insects primarily by contact  e.g., pyrethrum, DDT, HCH, dieldrin.  STOMACH POISONS: These  are those insecticides which when ingested cause the death of the  insects, e.g., Paris green, sodium fluoride.  FUMIGANTS: These are  those insecticides that give off vapours that have a lethal effect on  the insects, e.g., sulphur dioxide. 1. DDT  (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) :  It was first  synthesized in 1874, by a German chemist, Ziedler . I ts insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swis...
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Spotters in "Nutrition and Health: Animal Foods" for CFM & MPH students

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1. Cow's Milk (गाय का दूध): Nutritional Values (per 100 gm) & important features of Cow's milk : Carbohydrate: 4.4 gm Protein: 3.2 gm Fat: 4.1 gm  Energy: 67 kcal Minerals: 0.8 gm  (Ca-120  mg, P-90 mg, Iron-0.2 mg, K-151 mg) Thiamine: 0.05 mg Riboflavin: 0.19  mg Niacin: 0.1 mg Folic acid: 8.5 mg Vitamin C: 1 mg Carotene: 53 µg Moisture: 87.5 gm Clinical importance: Rich in calcium. Contains milk protein casein, lactalbumin and lactoglobulin along with all essential amino acids and minerals. 2. Curd (cow) (दही): Nutritional Values (per 100 gm) & important features of Curd : Carbohydrate: 3 gm Protein: 3.1 gm Fat: 4 gm  Energy: 60 kcal Minerals: 0.8 gm  (Ca-149  mg, P-93 mg, Iron-0.2 mg) Thiamine: 0.05 mg Riboflavin: 0.16 mg Niacin: 0.1 mg Folic acid: 12.5 mg Vitamin C: 1 mg Carotene: 31µg Moisture: 89.1 gm Clinical importance: Apart from vitamins and minerals it also contains several bacteria called probiotics eg.  Lactobacillus delbrueck...
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Hormonal Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  A. Oral pills: 1. Combined pill: (a) Mala-N: Important points: Type of contraceptive: Combined OCP Composition: Ethinyl estradiol-0.03 mg (30 mcg) & Norgestrel-0.15 mg (150 mg) Status in RCH: Provided free of cost through all PHCs & urban family welfare centers Mechanism of action: Prevents the release of ovum from the ovary by blocking the pituitary secretion of gonadotropin that is necessary  for ovulation Adverse effects: Cardiovascular- MI,cerebral & venous thrombosis, hypertension; Carcinogenesis- increased of cervical cancer & breast cancer; Metabolic effects- elevated BP, altered lipid profile, blood clotting & hyperglycemia; Hepatocellular adenoma; Gallbladder disease; Cholestatic jaundice, monolial vaginitis; Decline in milk volume during lactation; Depression; General effects- Breast tenderness; Weight gain, Headache/migraine; Bleeding disturbances Beneficial effects: In Benign breast & ovarian disorders, PID, Ectopic pregnancy, Iron d...
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