Work done by external applied force to move a charge in external electric field with examples

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In this video, work done by external force to move a charge in external electric field with examples is explained











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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the patch using follwing formula. (Typically between 200  Ω  to 250  Ω. You can assume 225  Ω for simplic
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea normally lasts for several days, and leaves the
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, syringes, glass  vials, ampoules, glass bottles. The containe
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Water" for CFM & MPH students

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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Air" for CFM & MPH students

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  Air direction: 1. Wind vane/ Wheather vane/ Wheathercock: Important points: It is an instrument  used for showing the direction of the wind. When the wind is sufficiently strong, the head of the arrow or cockerel indicates the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind vane is placed high enough to avoid wind interference from objects, buildings, and trees like the top of towers, poles, etc. Types- Weathervane,  Wind Sock,  Digital Wind Vane Benefits: Safety from storms,  very helpful in activities like golf and boat sailing. Air speed: 2. Anemometer: Important points: It is a device used for measuring wind speed, direction & pressure. A common weather station instrument. Types- Cup, Vane, Hot-wire, Lesser doppler, Ultrasonic, Pin-pong ball, Plate & Tube anemometer Uses: helps  indicate  a change in weather patterns, such as an approaching  storm , which is important for  pilot s,  engineer s, and  climatologist s. Air/ Atmospheric pressure: 3. Aneroid barometer: Impo
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquito control Measures" for CFM & MPH students

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The integrated approach of mosquito control: This is an approach that avoids the excessive use of any one method (e.g insecticides) but tries to combine one or more methods with a view to obtain maximum results with minimum inputs and also to prevent environmental pollution with toxic chemicals & development of insecticide resistance. The various methods of mosquito control are as follows: 1. Anti- Larval Measures: (a) Environmental Control: Important Points: Source reduction : Mainly the elimination of mosquito breeding places by minor engineering methods such as  Filling- of cesspools & open ditches and arrangement for adequate collection, removal, and disposal of sewage & wastewater. Leveling & getting rid of water-holding containers such as discarded tins, empty pots, broken bottles, coconut shells, etc. Drainage of breeding places, and  Water management (e.g intermittent irrigation) & removal of aquatic plants or destruction by herbicides. Rendering the water u
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Barrier Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  Physical methods: 1. Male Condom: Important points: It is a thin sheath made up of latex or other material Most widely known & used barrier method by males An effective, simple spacing method without side effects Mechanism of action: Acts as a physical barrier & prevents the semen from being deposited in female genital tract Pearl index/ Failure rate: 2-3 to 14 per 100 women years Advantages:   Easily available, safe & inexpensive, easy to use & do not require medical supervision, no side effects, light compact and disposable, provides protection not only against pregnancy but also against STDs Disadvantages: It may tear or slip off during coitus due to incorrect use, interferes with sex sensation locally,  Manufactured in India by Hindustan Latex in Trivandrum, London Rubber industries Chennai  2. Female Condom: Important points: It is a pouch made of thin plastic, polyurethane, which lines the vagina Has two rings,a thick inner ring with closed end, which is plac
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