Problem solving on Gauss's law and verification of Divergence theorem

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In this video, total enclosed charge is calculated for given electric flux density and Divergence theorem is verified.







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Design equations of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

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Following design equation can be used to calculate the width and length of rectangular microstrip patch antenna and simulation of 2.4 GHz inset-feed rectangular patch antenna can be found in follwing video.  Microstrip antenna with inset-feed line                           Part-1 Design step for the calculation of W and L Step-1 : To calcualte width 'W' use follwing formula Step-2:   Calculate the effective dielectric constant using formula below. Here    ' ε r '  is relative  dielectric constant of the material. 'h' is height of the substrate and W is the width of patch calculated in first step. Step-3:   Calculate ΔL using formula below. Step-4:   Calculate length of the patch using formula below. v 0    is speed of light in free space. Part-2 Feedline calculation Step-1:   Calculate the input impdedance of the pa...
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ORS : A boon in dehydration

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What is ORS? Oral re-hydration salts: It is a glucose-electrolyte formula given by WHO/UNICEF, used for correction of acute diarrhea due to all causes and dehydration in all age groups with aim to reduce mortality. It is available in powder form in sachets/ ready-made solution or it can be easily made at home. How it works? The combination of electrolytes and sugar together stimulates water and electrolyte absorption from the gut and hence  capable of correcting water and electrolyte deficit in conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. Reasons to celebrate ORS day? ORS Day is celebrated every year on 29th July:  To spread awareness about the importance of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a low cost method of health intervention.   Among infants and young children, acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in many developing countries.   Dehydration particularly affects infants, children and old people.  Diarrhea...
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Spotters in "Hospital Waste Management" for CFM & MPH students

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 As per “Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016”  1. Yellow Bin/ Bag: Type of Bag/  Container used:  Non-chlorinated  plastic bags Type of Waste:  1. Human Anatomical Waste A. Tissues, organs, body parts B. Foetus, Umbilical stump, placenta 2. Animal Anatomical Waste:  Tissues, Organs, body parts 3. Soiled Waste:  items contaminated with blood and body fluids A. Dressings, sponges, gauze B. Plaster casts C. Cotton swabs D. Blood bags E. Infected gowns, mask, shoe covers, cap 4.  Expired or Discarded  Medicines:   including antibiotics (except cytotoxic) 5. Chemical Waste: A. Discarded disinfectants, Cleaning agents B. X-ray film developing liquid, Infected secretions C. Aspirated body fluids, Liquid from laboratories 6. Microbiology, Biotechnology, and other clinical  lab waste 7. Chemical Liquid Waste Yellow bin/ bag with the cytotoxic label: 1. Used, discarded, and expired cytotoxic drugs whether in plastic vaccutainers, sy...
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ओआरएस: निर्जलीकरण में एक वरदान

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ओआरएस क्या है ? ओरल रि - हाइड्रेशन लवण : यह डब्ल्यूएचओ / यूनिसेफ द्वारा दिया गया एक ग्लूकोज - इलेक्ट्रोलाइट फॉर्मूला है , जिसका उपयोग सभी आयु वर्गो में दस्त के सुधार के लिए और निर्जलीकरण को ठीक करने के लिये किया जाता है। यह   पाउडर   के  पाउच / तैयार घोल में   रूप में उपलब्ध है या इसे आसानी से घर पर भी बनाया जा सकता है। यह किस प्रकार काम करता है ? इलेक्ट्रोलाइट्स और चीनी का एक साथ संयोजन आंतो से पानी और इलेक्ट्रोलाइट के अवशोषण को उत्तेजित करता है और इसलिए दस्त और उल्टी जैसी स्थितियों में पानी और इलेक्ट्रोलाइट के कमी को सही करने में सक्षम होता है। ओआरएस दिवस मनाने के कारण ? ओआरएस   दिवस हर साल 29 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है : निर्जलीकरण सुधारने की कम लागत वाली विधि के रूप में ओरल रिहाइड्रेशन साल्ट्स ( ओआरएस ) के महत्व के बारे में जागरूकता फैलाने के लिये। कई विकासशील देशों में डायरिया शिशुओं और छोटे बच्चों में , मृत्यु के प्रमुख कारणों में ...
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Spotters in "Family Planning: Natural Contraceptive Methods" for CFM & MPH students

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  1. Safe Period/ Rhythm method/ Calendar method: Important points: Fertile period: Shortest cycle minus 18 days (Last day of fertile period: Longest cycle minus 10 days) Drawbacks:   Difficult to predict safe period in irregular cycles Only suitable for educated couple with high motivation Programmed sex: Abstinence required for 1/2 month Not useful in postnatal period High failure rate: 9 per HWY Medical complications: Ectopic pregnancies & embryonic abnormalities References: Park, K. (2019). Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 25th.  Jabalpur, India: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot . Kadri AM. (2019). IAPSM's Textbook of Community Medicine. 1st. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/natural-methods-of-contraception/1885/  photo credit
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Culex" for CFM & MPH students

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Culex Mosquito: Also known as "nuisance mosquitoes". Culex fatigans is a vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India. It breeds profusely in dirty water collections e.g. stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks, burrow pits, & in fact all types of water collections. 1. Eggs: Important points: Lays eggs in small clusters or rafts.  Each raft contains 100-250 eggs. Eggs are oval-shaped. The eggs do not possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: Suspended in water with their heads downwards.  Possess a siphon tube, situated on the 8th abdominal segment.  Bottomfeeder. No palmate hairs. This stage lasts for 5-7 days. 3. Pupa: Important points: Comma shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax & a narrow abdomen. The Siphon tube is long & narrow.  It represents the resting stage.  4. Adult:  Important points: A strong winged mosquito & can fly up to 11 km in rural areas.  Highly anthrophillic.  When at rest, the body...
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Spotters in "Environment and Health: Mosquitoes- Anopheles" for CFM & MPH students

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Anopheles Mosquito: Also known as the sophisticated mosquito. The flight range is 3-5 km. Around 45 species of anopheles mosquitoes have been found in India but only a few of them have been incriminated as vectors or carriers of malaria. These are An. fluviatilis & An. minimum (foot-hill regions), An. sundaicus & An. stephensi (coastal regions) and An culicifacies & An. philippinensis (planes). 1. Eggs: Important points: Eggs laid on the surface of the clean water. 100-250 at a time. This stage lasts for 1-2 days. Laid singly, boat-shaped & possess lateral floats. 2. Larva: Important points: The larva is a free-swimming creature. Passes through 4 stages called ' instars ' with moulting between each stage. Floats horizontally in water/ rests parallel to the water surface. No siphon tube at the tip of its abdomen.  Palmate hairs present on abdominal segments. 3. Pupa: Important points: The pupa is comma-shaped in appearance, with a large rounded cephalothorax and...
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National Nutrition Week: Healthy diet for Adolescents

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  Who are Adolescents? As per WHO Adolescents are persons in age group 10-19 years & constitute about 1/4th of India's population. What is the need? Adolescents undergo rapid changes in body size, physiology, psychology & social functioning as it is a transition from childhood to adulthood. It is a phase of rapid growth & development hence nutritional needs vary for them & needs to be taken care. When National Nutrition Week is celebrated? 1st to 7th September every year in India to focus on various aspect of Nutrition among all age groups. What should be included in diet? Grains: 4 - 8 bowls Vegetables: at least 3 servings Fruits: at least 2 servings Meat, fish, egg and alternatives: 200 - 300 gm Milk and alternatives: 2 servings Fat/oil, salt and sugar : eat the least Fluid: 6 - 8 glasses Healthy points for adolescent girls: The menstruation related needs of the girls make the nutrient requirement/ unit body weight more than boys for them Build strong bones: ...
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